

A fibroid is a non-cancerous growth of smooth muscle and fibrous tissue of the womb. This often occurs during a woman’s child-bearing years. They are not associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer and only 1% ever become cancerous.
Most women with fibroids have no symptoms but some may experience heavy menstrual bleeding, prolonged menstrual periods, pelvic pressure or pain, frequent urination, difficulty emptying the bladder, backache and infertility. Treatment options range from observation to symptom control with medication or surgery.

Endometriosis is a common condition characterized by growth of endometrium (the tissue that normally lines the womb) outside the womb or in the muscle layer of the womb (adenomyosis). It most often appears in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, surface of the uterus, bladder, bowel and rectum.
Women may complain of heavy—sometimes irregular—menses, painful periods, pain during sex, pelvic or lower abdominal pain as well as infertility. Endometriosis treatment is directed at either the relief of pain or infertility and involves observation, medication or surgery depending on the severity of the condition.


An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac arising from the ovary. Cysts may occur at any point in a woman’s life and can vary in size and number. They may be normal (e.g. functional cysts which occur at a particular time in the menstrual cycle) or pathological.
Symptoms include abdominal distension, pelvic pain, deep pain during intercourse, discomfort during bowel movements, irregular or heavy menses and even the frequency of urine. The treatment depends on the age of the patient, size and nature of the cyst and the severity of the symptoms. Treatment may involve observation, medication or surgery.

- Many women experience some form of vaginal bleeding during their lives, and it is considered abnormal when it occurs not during your expected menstrual period, if the flow is heavier or lighter than normal, or if the bleeding patterns change or the bleeding lasts longer or shorter than normal.
- This could be the result of hormonal imbalances, abnormal lining of the womb, polyps, fibroids or cancer.
- Investigations include blood tests, ultrasound scan, direct visualization with a hysteroscope and biopsies. Treatment will depend on the cause and may involve hormonal medication and minor or major surgery.
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